⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,',all capital lrs 9 ! li/ ( "ns
⠀⠀⠀⠀>e r$4,'
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
,m>k ,twa9
,ca!r9e ! ,grt
,presid5t ,l9coln
18.1 Fundamentals
18.2 Emphasized Capital Letters
18.3 Punctuation
18.4 Nonalphabetical Signs
18.5 Words or Abbreviations Printed Above Sentences
18.6 Proofreading Marks and Edited Copy
18.7 Linear Sentence Diagramming
18.8 Spatial Sentence Diagrams with Arrows
18.9 Spatial Sentence Diagramming
18.10 Samples
18.1.1 Grammar encompasses many topics. This section focuses on capitalization, punctuation, parts of speech, editing, and diagramming sentences. Additional information can be found in other sections of these guidelines.
18.1.2 Special Symbols and Transcriber's Notes
18.2.1 When all capital letters are emphasized in print, a transcriber's note is inserted to explain the emphasis. The font attributes are ignored in braille. Sample:
All capital letters in the section below are red.
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,',all capital lrs 9 ! li/ ( "ns |
18.2.2 When isolated letters are capitalized and emphasized, e.g., italics, bold, colored type, underlined, etc.:
a. Do not contract any words with emphasized letters; contract all other words.
b. Use italics for emphasized letters. Do not insert hyphens unless they are shown in print.
c. The termination indicator ,' (6, 3) is inserted to terminate the effect of the italic indicator. Include the termination indicator on the Special Symbols page.
d. The hyphen follows the termination indicator when a print hyphen follows an emphasized letter.
e. A transcriber's note is inserted with basic information about print capitalization. Sample:
Red letters are italicized.
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⠀⠀⠀⠀,capitalize titles us$ 2f a prop] "n |
18.3.1 Punctuation usage and order generally follows the rules in English Braille American Edition. Use the guidelines in this section when punctuation is emphasized through the use of spacing or font attributes, or used in atypical situations.
18.3.2 Identification of Punctuation Marks. When punctuation is identified by name and followed by the print mark:
a. Do not include the braille punctuation symbol.
b. Do not use identifying dot numbers.
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,use ! "q m>k :5 ask+ a "q4 |
18.3.3 Freestanding Punctuation. If a single freestanding punctuation mark is not identified in print:
a. Insert the print symbol indicator @ (4) before the punctuation symbol.
b. Insert a transcriber's note to explain this usage. Sample:
Dot 4 precedes a punctuation mark shown standing alone.
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,',dot #d prec$es a punctu,n m>k |
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,',dot #d prec$es free/&+ punctu,n |
18.3.4 Punctuation in Unusual Configurations. When punctuation marks are enclosed in parentheses or separated by commas or spaces:
a. Insert the print symbol indicator @ (4) before the punctuation symbol.
b. Insert a transcriber's note to explain this usage. Sample:
Dot 4 precedes freestanding punctuation marks.
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,',dot #d prec$es punctu,n m>ks |
18.3.5 All Punctuation Emphasized. When all punctuation marks are emphasized in print, a transcriber's note is inserted to explain the emphasis. The font attributes are ignored in braille. Sample:
Punctuation marks are red.
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⠀⠀⠀⠀,correct ]rors 9 punctu,n 9 ! |
18.3.6 All Instances of a Specific Punctuation Are Marked
a. Ignore emphasis.
b. Insert a transcriber's note telling the reader how the punctuation is marked in print. Samples:
Punctuation marks are bold.
Quotation marks are red.
Underlining of punctuation marks in the following section is omitted.
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⠀⠀,use -mas af ~ws1 phrases1 & clauses t |
18.3.7 Isolated Punctuation is Emphasized. Insert an embedded transcriber's note after the punctuation mark or word with internal punctuation, and identify the punctuation.
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,i didn't ?9k s1 .b .t's ,'apo/rophe is |
18.3.8 Unusual Use of Symbols and Punctuation Marks. Swearing is often represented by a symbolic notation of punctuation marks and symbols. It is not necessary to indicate the individual marks.
a. Insert dot 3 for each of the symbols and punctuation marks.
b. Insert the embedded transcriber's note "miscellaneous symbols" following the dot 3s.
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,he scr1m$ ''''' ,'miscellane|s |
18.3.9 Enlarged Print Grouping Symbols. Enlarged print grouping symbols, e.g., a bracket or brace, may be used to show a correlation between a word or phrase and a group of related words. When a word or phrase is preceded or followed by an enlarged grouping symbol enclosing a list of choices:
a. The sentence or phrase is in 1-5.
b. Each listed item is in 3-5.
c. Insert an omission (double) dash to represent the position of listed items.
d. A transcriber's note is inserted to explain this usage. Use the term "double dash" in the transcriber's note, as that's the term most teachers and readers know. Sample:
A double dash shows where listed items are placed in print.
See Sample 18-1: Enlarged Brace with List of Words on page 18-17.
18.4.1 Analogy Symbols. Use the following symbols when comparing word pairs, : meaning is to, and :: meaning as.
"1 (5, 2) is to
;2 (56, 23) as
a. A blank cell precedes and follows each of these symbols.
b. Do not divide a word pair between lines.
c. Symbols are listed on the Special Symbols page, or in a transcriber's note before the text. Sample:
Symbols used:
"1 (5, 2) is to
;2 (56, 23) as
See Sample 18-2: Analogy Symbols Used for Comparison on page 18-18.
18.5.1 There are several options when text shows abbreviations, words, parts of speech, numbers, etc., printed above or below lines of text.
18.5.2 Option 1
a. The sentence is written, without the text above/below the line.
b. After the sentence, list the words above/below the line followed by a colon, and provide the corresponding word(s) from the sentence.
c. Insert a transcriber's note to explain the format. Sample:
Each sentence is followed by a list of the parts of speech appearing above the print line with their corresponding words.
18.5.3 Option 2
a. The abbreviation, word, or number is placed in enclosure symbols not otherwise used in surrounding text (exercise set) and inserted after the affected text.
b. Order of preference for enclosure symbols: parentheses, brackets, slashes.
c. A blank cell precedes and follows the insertion.
d. Insert a transcriber's note to explain the format. Sample:
Parts-of-speech labels above the print line are enclosed in parentheses after the corresponding word from the sentence.
See Sample 18-3: Parts-of-Speech Labels Above the Sentence on page 18-19.
See Sample 18-4: Sentence Structure Labeled Above Sentence on page 18-20.
18.6.1 Marks used in proofreading and editing print have no practical value in braille. Do not devise symbols to represent these signs.
a. Print proofreading marks are listed in 1-3.
b. Enclose the name or a brief description of each print mark in an embedded transcriber's note, followed by the meaning or function of the mark as stated in print.
c. Proofreading marks and edits often are shown in a colored font attribute. Do not indicate this color.
d. Follow print list of proofreading marks for use of capitalization and punctuation.
See Sample 18-5: List of Boxed Proofreading Marks on page 18-22.
18.6.2 When text shows transpositions, insertions, and/or corrections that cannot be reproduced, it's important to provide only the information that's included in the text and not give away the answers.
a. Marked words that pertain to spelling or capitalization are uncontracted. Other marked words, such as punctuation, adding or deleting text, etc., are contracted.
b. Use the same keying technique as for text with marginal labels. See Section 16, Notes, §16.9 Keying Technique for Marginal Labels.
c. When proofreading marks pertain to one word, place the keyed mark after the affected word, preceded and followed by a space. This keyed mark must appear on the same line as the marked word.
d. When proofreading marks pertain to more than one word, place the keyed mark before the first word, and a spaced termination indicator ,' (6, 3) after the final word. The keyed mark must appear on the same line as the following word. The termination indicator must be on the same line as the last word of the affected phrase.
e. Each proofreader's mark in the text is assigned a numeric key, e.g., 77#a. Use the same terminology in the key that is found in the list of proofreader's marks in the text, as not all books use the same terminology. Each key item is followed by the marked word(s), and then the instructions on what needs to be done. The complete key is enclosed in a transcriber's note before the text.
See Sample 18-6: Text with Proofreading Marks on page 18-23.
18.6.3 When a text shows limited insertions and corrections within the flow of text:
a. Use a symbol of enclosure to show the original word(s).
b. Explain the usage in a transcriber's note.
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,',! cross$ \ ^w is 9 p>5!ses4,' |
18.6.4 Carets. Use a spaced caret symbol, 95 (35, 26), when a caret (^) indicates an insertion is to be made.
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⠀⠀⠀⠀,9s]t an adjective ": y see a 95 |
a. When print includes the insertion text, it is preceded by a spaced caret and followed by a spaced termination indicator ,' (6, 3). The caret and termination indicator must be on the same line(s) as the first and last words, respectively, of the inserted text.
b. Ignore colored font attributes indicating text to be inserted.
c. The caret symbol and termination indicator are listed on the Special Symbols page, or in a transcriber's note before the text. Sample:
The insertion is preceded by a caret (35, 26) and followed by a spaced termination indicator (6, 3).
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,',! 9s];n 9 ! foll[+ s5t;e is |
18.7.1 Linear diagramming shows sentence structure, using font attributes to distinguish between parts of speech. Each diagrammed sentence is listed in 1-3.
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⠀⠀,9 ! foll[+ s5t;e ! s+le "ul9$ ^w is ! |
18.7.2 Linear Diagrams with Print Symbols. Follow print for use of the appropriate sign and spacing to show separate parts of a sentence. These symbols are listed on the Special Symbols page, or in a transcriber's note before the text.
_/ / Slash symbol
@\ | Vertical bar symbol
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,! boy @\ play$ 9 ! p>k4 |
18.7.3 Linear Diagrams with Shapes. Use a spaced shape indicator before words enclosed in shapes, e.g., circles, boxes, etc. Use a spaced termination indicator after the word.
a. The shape indicator, word, and termination indicator are on the same line.
b. The shape indicators and termination indicator are listed on the Special Symbols page.
c. Depending on the material, the indicators may be listed either in alphabetical order or by order of use explained in a transcriber's note. Sample:
Symbols used:
$b Box
$c Circle
,' (6, 3) Termination indicator
or
Symbols used:
$c Circle
$b Box
,' (6, 3) Termination indicator
See Sample 18-7: Diagramming with Shapes on page 18-24.
18.8.1 Spatial diagramming shows sentence structure using visual cues such as arrows. Each arrow/sentence pair are preceded and followed by a blank line.
18.8.2 Symbols. Use the appropriate arrow symbols. These symbols are listed on the Special Symbols page, or in a transcriber's note before the text.
7 (2356) Beginning of arrow shaft shown above sentence
g Beginning of arrow shaft shown below sentence
3 (25) Arrow shaft
[ Arrowhead pointing to left
o Arrowhead pointing to right
a. Follow print for placement and direction of arrows placed above or below sentences.
b. Symbols start above or below the first letter of the word, or the number indicator of a number. Do not extend the arrow to other composition indicators or punctuation marks.
c. The words or phrases between which an arrow shows a relationship are on a single braille line.
d. It may be necessary to move part of the sentence to a new line to keep the relationship intact.
e. Explain the arrow relationships in a transcriber's note when a sentence is too long to use the arrow symbols. Sample:
An arrow leads from hard-working to ballerina.
18.8.3 Spatial Diagrams with Arrows and Multiple Shafts. The appropriate symbol for the beginning of each arrowhead is placed above or below the first letter of the word from which the arrow points.
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⠀[333333333333333337 |
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ |
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ |
18.8.4 Arrows with Emphasized Words. When any of the words or phrases are connected by an arrow and are also emphasized, the arrow is placed above the sentence and points to the first letter of the emphasized word or phrase.
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ |
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⠀⠀⠀⠀,9 ! foll[+ s5t;e label .=ce & |
18.9.1 Spatial sentence diagramming is unsuitable for braille readers. Insert a transcriber's note saying such diagramming has been omitted. Sample:
Sentence diagramming is omitted.
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Sample 18-1: Enlarged Brace with List of Words, page 18-17
Sample 18-2: Analogy Symbols Used for Comparison, page 18-18
Sample 18-3: Parts-of-Speech Labels Above the Sentence, page 18-19
Sample 18-4: Sentence Structure Labeled Above Sentence, page 18-20
Sample 18-5: List of Boxed Proofreading Marks, page 18-22
Sample 18-6: Text with Proofreading Marks, page 18-23
Sample 18-7: Diagramming with Shapes, page 18-24
