4.1 Fundamentals
4.2 Heading Hierarchy
4.3 General Provisions for Centered, Cell-5, and Cell-7 Headings
4.4 Centered Headings
4.5 Cell-5 Headings
4.6 Cell-7 Headings
4.7 Marginal Headings
4.8 Paragraph Headings
4.9 Icons and Headings
4.10 Lengthy Series of Headings
4.11 Reference Marks and Notes to Headings
4.12 Samples
4.1.1 Print books use various methods to distinguish headings: different fonts and font sizes, color, placement on the page, etc. Just as print headings provide a hierarchy structure of levels, an effort should be made to achieve the same type of structure in braille. This is done after a careful examination of headings in the table of contents and the body of text. It is important to be consistent in the treatment of similar print headings throughout the entire transcription.
See Sample 4-1: Page with Multiple Heading Levels starting on page 4-14.
4.1.2 A Braille Reader's Perspective
Headings are one of the most important ways a reader obtains information about the print format of material being presented on the braille page. Headings denote hierarchy and by doing a quick finger scan one can quickly move to pertinent sections. A reader who finds blank space at the margin will check to see what it means; will quickly check the current line (usually to about the middle) to see if something is indented on that line, check the following line, or possibly do a quick scan of the next several lines, to see if the general indent pattern has changed—say from a paragraph to a list.
Think of blank lines before headings like a stop sign. When readers encounter one, they stop to check. Finding a heading level quickly is the key for the braille reader. The more it stands out, the more important that heading level is. A centered heading quickly will show an uneven structure somewhere near the middle of the line. Cell-5 and cell-7 headings will show even left margins at their particular indent levels. Readers learn to find common indent levels almost without counting cells.
Heading levels may be changed in the braille edition to enhance the importance of a specific heading. A heading level should be changed to another form of heading if:
a. More than one kind of paragraph heading is used, distinguishable to the print reader by a different font size or face; or
b. The effect of a paragraph heading covers multiple paragraphs, or the effect of the heading cannot be readily identified by obvious means, such as another paragraph heading or change in type of material.
4.2.1 As a general rule, centered headings are used to represent the print headings of major sections of the text, and cell-5 and cell-7 headings are used to represent the print headings for subsections shown within major sections.
4.2.2 The order of braille heading hierarchy is centered, cell-5, cell-7.
See Sample 4-2: Heading Hierarchy on page 4-17.
Additional provisions governing the use and placement of headings are given in other sections of these guidelines.
4.3.1 A heading may be placed on line 1 of the braille page if a running head is not used.
4.3.2 If a running head is used, a heading is placed on line 3.
4.3.3 Do not insert a blank line between connected headings.
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4.3.4 A heading is preceded by a blank line when it follows a page change indicator.
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4.3.5 A heading is not preceded by a blank line when it follows a top box line.
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4.3.6 A heading is not preceded by a blank line when it follows the note separation line. See Section 16, Notes, §16.4, Notes.
4.3.7 Follow print capitalization. Ignore font attributes in centered, cell-5, and cell-7 headings, except when required for distinction.
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4.3.8 Follow print for use of punctuation, e.g., hyphen, dash, colon, slash, etc., in headings. Use the decimal point when a period appears between two numbers.
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Use the period, rather than the decimal point, when a period appears between a letter and a number.
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4.3.9 Centered, cell-5, and cell-7 headings must be followed by at least one line of text on the braille page.
4.3.10 Centered, cell-5, and cell-7 headings are not repeated when continued on the following page.
The following guidelines are in addition to the general provisions in §4.3.
4.4.1 A centered heading is preceded and followed by a blank line.
Exceptions:
a. Do not insert a blank line between a centered heading and a related box.
b. A centered heading is preceded but not followed by a blank line in a table of contents entry.
c. Do not insert blank lines before or after alphabetic divisions.
4.4.2 At least three blank cells must precede and follow a centered heading.
4.4.3 Headings should be balanced and divided at a logical location when longer than one line.
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The following guidelines are in addition to the general provisions in §4.3.
4.5.1 A cell-5 heading is preceded by a blank line.
4.5.2 The heading is blocked in cell 5.
4.5.3 The heading is usually not followed by a blank line, and takes precedence over the use of blank lines in other formats, such as lists.
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4.5.4 Maintaining the hierarchy of headings in a document is important, and there may be times when columned material will follow a cell-5 heading. Insert a blank line to separate the cell-5 heading from the columns, so it is clear the heading is not related to one of the columns.
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4.5.5 A cell-5 heading cannot be followed by a centered heading.
4.5.6 A cell-5 heading may be followed by an equally important cell-5 heading, without a blank line between the two headings. This format is dictated by the hierarchy of the headings.
4.5.7 A cell-5 heading may be followed by a related cell-7 heading, without an intervening blank line.
See Sample 4-3: Cell-5 Heading Followed by a Cell-7 Heading on page 4-18.
The following guidelines are in addition to the general provisions in §4.3.
4.6.1 Cell-7 heading guidelines are essentially the same as cell-5 heading guidelines.
4.6.2 A cell-7 heading is preceded by a blank line.
Exception: There is no blank line between a cell-5 heading and cell-7 heading.
4.6.3 The heading is blocked in cell 7.
4.6.4 A cell-7 heading is followed by accompanying text, including lists, on the next line.
See Sample 4-4: Cell-7 Heading with Displayed Quotation on page 4-19.
4.6.5 Maintaining the hierarchy of headings in a document is important, and there may be times when columned material will follow a cell-7 heading. Insert a blank line to separate the cell-7 heading from the columns, so it is clear the heading is not related to one of the columns.
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4.6.6 A cell-7 heading cannot be followed by a:
Centered heading
Cell-5 heading
Cell-7 heading
4.7.1 Unit, chapter, or section headings printed in the margin are placed before the material to which they apply. Use the heading level appropriate to the material.
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4.8.1 Paragraph (run-in) headings introduce the focus of the paragraph(s). The heading is typically an emphasized word or phrase and may or may not be followed by punctuation. Follow print for emphasis, capitalization, and punctuation.
4.8.2 Italics may be used if all paragraph headings throughout the book have the same font attribute. This change is noted on the Transcriber's Notes page.
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4.8.3 Use full capitalization for uppercase paragraph headings. No additional emphasis should be added.
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4.8.4 Changing Paragraph Headings to Cell-5 or Cell-7 Headings. A paragraph heading may provide better navigation for the braille reader when it is separated from the paragraph and changed to a cell-5 or cell-7 heading.
See Sample 4-5: Paragraph Headings Relocated on page 4-20.
See Sample 4-6: Paragraph Heading Changed to Cell-5 Heading on page 4-21.
4.9.1 Icons may be used with headings to draw attention to specific types of text, e.g., important facts, essay questions, etc. Use the shape indicator $ unspaced before the appropriate letter(s). The icon (shape indicator and letters) is followed by a blank space.
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4.9.2 Devise an icon when an equivalent braille symbol doesn't exist. Choose letters that correspond to the icon, e.g., hg for hourglass.
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4.9.3 The icon symbol may be omitted when a written description has been provided and the information is more logically provided using the available text. It will be necessary to determine the best option for each book.
a. When appropriate, icon headings may be listed. This may be a better option for earlier grades.
b. Icons may be devised and print followed for placement, e.g., following a heading.
See Sample 4-7: Icon Headings with Descriptions on page 4-22.
4.9.4 The icon is listed on the Special Symbols page.
4.10.1 Extremely long series of headings may take an entire braille page without subsequent text, especially on braille page 1 when there's a long full title. The last heading should be on the same page where text begins.
See Section 16, Notes for the format of notes and reference marks.
Sample 4-1: Page with Multiple Heading Levels, page 4-14
Sample 4-2: Heading Hierarchy, page 4-17
Sample 4-3: Cell-5 Heading Followed by a Cell-7 Heading, page 4-18
Sample 4-4: Cell-7 Heading with Displayed Quotation, page 4-19
Sample 4-5: Paragraph Headings Relocated, page 4-20
Sample 4-6: Paragraph Heading Changed to Cell-5 Heading, page 4-21
Sample 4-7: Icon Headings with Descriptions, page 4-22
